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interpretation of laws

  • 1 interpretation of laws

    2) Деловая лексика: толкование законов

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > interpretation of laws

  • 2 interpretation of laws

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > interpretation of laws

  • 3 interpretation of laws

    толкование законов

    English-Russian dictionary of technical terms > interpretation of laws

  • 4 interpretation

    [ɪnˌtə:prɪˈteɪʃən]
    belief-invoked interpretation интерпретация от факта consequent interpretation интерпретация от цели expansive interpretation расширительное толкование extensive interpretation расширительное толкование faulty interpretation неправильная интерпретация goal-invoked interpretation интерпретация от цели instruction interpretation вчт. интерпретация команд interpretation интерпретация interpretation объяснение interpretation перевод (устный) interpretation толкование interpretation устный перевод interpretation of a contract толкование контракта interpretation of judgments толкование судебных решений interpretation of laws толкование законов judicial interpretation судебная интерпретация legal interpretation аутентичное толкование legal interpretation толкование, выработанное судебной практикой simultaneous interpretation одновременная интерпретация strict interpretation ограничительное толкование strict interpretation рестриктивное толкование

    English-Russian short dictionary > interpretation

  • 5 толкование законов

    interpretation of laws

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > толкование законов

  • 6 толкование законов

    Русско-английский словарь по экономии > толкование законов

  • 7 толкование законодательства

    Banks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > толкование законодательства

  • 8 толкование законов

    Русско-Английский новый экономический словарь > толкование законов

  • 9 интерпретация законов

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > интерпретация законов

  • 10 толкование законов

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > толкование законов

  • 11 толковать закон

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > толковать закон

  • 12 normeninterpretierend

    normeninterpretierend adj for the interpretation of laws

    German-english law dictionary > normeninterpretierend

  • 13 ley del derecho a la privacidad

    (n.) = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act
    Ex. As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.
    Ex. The recent proliferation of privacy protection laws has had a significant impact on transborder data flows, frequently inhibiting the free flow of information across national borders.
    Ex. The Privacy Act of 1974 increases employee record privacy for federal government employees by limiting access to those records.
    * * *
    (n.) = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act

    Ex: As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.

    Ex: The recent proliferation of privacy protection laws has had a significant impact on transborder data flows, frequently inhibiting the free flow of information across national borders.
    Ex: The Privacy Act of 1974 increases employee record privacy for federal government employees by limiting access to those records.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ley del derecho a la privacidad

  • 14 bien de consumo

    consumer item
    * * *
    consumer article o item; bienes de bien consumer goods
    * * *
    = trade product, economic good
    Ex. Apart from the names of subjects, the names of corporate bodies, persons, chemicals, trade products, and trade names are some other possibilities.
    Ex. As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.
    * * *
    consumer article o item; bienes de bien consumer goods
    * * *
    = trade product, economic good

    Ex: Apart from the names of subjects, the names of corporate bodies, persons, chemicals, trade products, and trade names are some other possibilities.

    Ex: As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.

    Spanish-English dictionary > bien de consumo

  • 15 prohibir

    v.
    1 to forbid.
    prohibir a alguien hacer algo to forbid somebody to do something
    tengo prohibido el alcohol I've been told I mustn't touch alcohol
    a partir de ahora está prohibido fumar en los lugares públicos smoking in public places has now been banned
    3 to forbid to, to forbid.
    Ella los desautorizó beber She forbade them to drink.
    * * *
    (stressed í in certain persons of certain tenses)
    Present Indicative
    prohíbo, prohíbes, prohíbe, prohibimos, prohibís, prohíben.
    Present Subjunctive
    prohíba, prohíbas, prohíba, prohibamos, prohibáis, prohíban.
    Imperative
    prohíbe (tú), prohíba (él/Vd.), prohibamos (nos.), prohibid (vos.), prohíban (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    to ban, forbid, prohibit
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=vedar) [+ venta, consumo, publicidad, prueba nuclear] to ban, prohibit

    quieren prohibir la caza de ballenas — they want to put a ban on whaling, they want to ban whaling

    está totalmente prohibido hacer publicidad del tabaco — there is a total ban on tobacco advertising, tobacco advertising is completely banned o forbidden

    2) (=no permitir)

    prohibir algo a algn: prohibieron el acceso a la prensa — the press were banned

    el médico me ha prohibido los dulces — the doctor says I'm not allowed (to eat) sweet things, the doctor has banned me from eating sweet things

    • prohibir a algn hacer algo, me prohibió entrar en su casa — he banned me from his house, he forbade me to enter his house

    la dirección nos prohibía usar maquillaje — the management prohibited us from wearing make-up, the management forbade us to wear make-up

    • prohibir a algn que haga algo — to forbid sb to do sth

    • tener algo prohibido, tengo prohibido el tabaco — I'm not allowed to smoke

    me tienen prohibida la entrada — I'm banned, they have banned me

    me tienen prohibido hablar de política mientras comemos — I'm banned from talking politics at the dinner-table, I'm not allowed to talk politics at the dinner-table

    3) [en letreros]

    prohibido el paso a toda persona ajena a la obra — no unauthorized entry, authorized personnel only

    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <acto/venta> to prohibit (frml)

    prohibido el paso or prohibida la entrada — no entry

    prohibido fijar carteles — stick no bills, bill posters o bill stickers will be prosecuted

    b)

    se prohíbe la entrada a menores de 16 años — over 16s only, no admission to persons under 16 years of age

    c)

    prohibirle A alguien + INF — to forbid somebody to + inf, prohibit somebody from -ing (frml)

    d)

    prohibir A alguien QUE + SUBJ — to forbid somebody to + inf

    * * *
    = bar, outlaw, forbid, prohibit, impose + ban, ban, restrain from, banish, proscribe.
    Ex. Once the library is closed, all incoming or all outgoing calls should be barred.
    Ex. The Taft-Hartley Act outlawed closed shops, jurisdictional strikes, sympathy strikes, and refusal to bargain.
    Ex. Library policy may forbid staff members from giving appraisals.
    Ex. There are laws which prohibit unlawful copyright infringement, but these are frequently contradictory and open to interpretation.
    Ex. By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex. In the Soviet Union the introduction of glasnost has allowed the publication of some books previously banned, but has had little effect on libraries.
    Ex. 'We also need to know the kinds of questions we are legally restrained from asking'.
    Ex. Many types and colours of shelving are now available, and forbidding dark wooden bookcases have been banished from most libraries.
    Ex. Under proposed legislation librarians and distributors who disseminate materials proscribed under these laws would be criminally liable.
    ----
    * prohibir la entrada en = ban from.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <acto/venta> to prohibit (frml)

    prohibido el paso or prohibida la entrada — no entry

    prohibido fijar carteles — stick no bills, bill posters o bill stickers will be prosecuted

    b)

    se prohíbe la entrada a menores de 16 años — over 16s only, no admission to persons under 16 years of age

    c)

    prohibirle A alguien + INF — to forbid somebody to + inf, prohibit somebody from -ing (frml)

    d)

    prohibir A alguien QUE + SUBJ — to forbid somebody to + inf

    * * *
    = bar, outlaw, forbid, prohibit, impose + ban, ban, restrain from, banish, proscribe.

    Ex: Once the library is closed, all incoming or all outgoing calls should be barred.

    Ex: The Taft-Hartley Act outlawed closed shops, jurisdictional strikes, sympathy strikes, and refusal to bargain.
    Ex: Library policy may forbid staff members from giving appraisals.
    Ex: There are laws which prohibit unlawful copyright infringement, but these are frequently contradictory and open to interpretation.
    Ex: By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex: In the Soviet Union the introduction of glasnost has allowed the publication of some books previously banned, but has had little effect on libraries.
    Ex: 'We also need to know the kinds of questions we are legally restrained from asking'.
    Ex: Many types and colours of shelving are now available, and forbidding dark wooden bookcases have been banished from most libraries.
    Ex: Under proposed legislation librarians and distributors who disseminate materials proscribed under these laws would be criminally liable.
    * prohibir la entrada en = ban from.

    * * *
    vt
    1 ‹acto/venta› to prohibit ( frml)
    esta ley prohíbe la huelga en los servicios públicos this law bans o prohibits strikes in public services
    queda terminantemente prohibido it is strictly forbidden o prohibited
    se prohibió la venta de hortalizas procedentes de la zona the sale of vegetables from the area was banned o prohibited
    se prohíbe el uso de diccionarios you are not allowed to use dictionaries, the use of dictionaries is forbidden ( frml)
    iba en dirección prohibida I was going the wrong way up a one-way street
    [ S ] prohibido el paso or prohibida la entrada no entry
    [ S ] prohibido fijar carteles stick no bills, bill posters o bill stickers will be prosecuted
    [ S ] prohibido fumar no smoking
    está prohibido fumar aquí you/she/he can't smoke here o this is a no-smoking area
    2 prohibirle algo A algn to ban sb FROM sth
    me había prohibido la entrada al edificio he had banned me from the building o from entering the building
    el médico me ha prohibido la sal the doctor has told me I mustn't have salt
    [ S ] se prohíbe la entrada a menores de 16 años over 16s only, no admission to persons under 16 years of age
    tengo prohibido el alcohol I've been told I mustn't drink alcohol
    3 prohibirle A algn + INF to forbid sb to + INF, prohibit sb FROM -ING ( frml)
    me prohibió tocar la máquina he forbade me to touch the machine, he told me not to touch the machine
    prohíben a las mujeres participar en estos actos women are prohibited o banned from participating in these ceremonies, women are not allowed to participate in these ceremonies
    le tenemos prohibido salir he's not allowed out, we've grounded him ( colloq)
    4 prohibir A algn QUE + SUBJ to forbid sb to + INF
    te prohíbo que le hables así a tu madre I forbid you to speak to your mother like that
    * * *

     

    prohibir ( conjugate prohibir) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹acto/venta› to ban, prohibit (frml);



    ( on signs) prohibido el paso or prohibida la entrada no entry;
    ( on signs) prohibido fumar no smoking;
    ( on signs) se prohíbe la entrada a menores de 16 años over 16s only, no admission to persons under 16 years of age
    b) prohibirle algo A algn to ban sb from sth;

    prohibirle A algn hacer algo to forbid sb to do sth, prohibit sb from doing sth (frml);
    prohibir A algn QUE haga algo to forbid sb to do sth
    prohibir verbo transitivo
    1 to forbid, prohibit: le han prohibi-do el alcohol, he's been told not to drink alcohol
    2 (legalmente) to ban: comprar tabaco está prohibido para menores de 16 años, it is forbidden for persons under sixteen years of age to purchase tobacco
    ' prohibir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    vedar
    English:
    ban
    - bar
    - embargo
    - forbid
    - nix
    - outlaw
    - prohibit
    - stop
    - banish
    * * *
    1. [impedir, proscribir] to forbid;
    prohibir a alguien hacer algo to forbid sb to do sth;
    te prohíbo que vayas a la fiesta I forbid you to go to the party;
    el médico me ha prohibido fumar the doctor has told me to stop smoking;
    tengo prohibido el alcohol I've been told I mustn't touch alcohol;
    se prohíbe el paso [en letrero] no entry
    2. [por ley] [de antemano] to prohibit;
    [a posteriori] to ban;
    a partir de ahora se prohíbe fumar en los lugares públicos smoking in public places has now been banned;
    * * *
    v/t forbid; oficialmente ban;
    prohibir a alguien hacer algo forbid s.o. to do sth;
    prohibido fumar no smoking
    * * *
    prohibir {62} vt
    : to prohibit, to ban, to forbid
    * * *
    1. (en general) to forbid [pt. forbade; pp. forbidden]
    2. (por ley) to ban [pt. & pp. banned]

    Spanish-English dictionary > prohibir

  • 16 secreto comercial

    m.
    trade secret.
    * * *
    (n.) = trade secret, competitive information
    Ex. As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.
    Ex. A major concern for organisations today is the protection of competitive information from thieving.
    * * *
    (n.) = trade secret, competitive information

    Ex: As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.

    Ex: A major concern for organisations today is the protection of competitive information from thieving.

    Spanish-English dictionary > secreto comercial

  • 17 secreto industrial

    m.
    trade secret.
    * * *
    (n.) = trade secret, competitive information
    Ex. As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.
    Ex. A major concern for organisations today is the protection of competitive information from thieving.
    * * *
    (n.) = trade secret, competitive information

    Ex: As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.

    Ex: A major concern for organisations today is the protection of competitive information from thieving.

    Spanish-English dictionary > secreto industrial

  • 18 tropezar con problemas

    (v.) = run into + problems
    Ex. As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.
    * * *
    (v.) = run into + problems

    Ex: As a result, laws which attempt to treat information as an economic good -- patent, trade secret, copyright or privacy laws, for instance -- run into continuing problems of interpretation and enforcement.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tropezar con problemas

  • 19 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 20 מדה

    מִדָּה, מִידָּהf. (b. h.; preced.) 1) dimension, measure, proportion. Sabb.150a (play on מ̇ד̇ה̇ב̇ה, v. preced.) מ̇אד̇ מ̇אד̇ ה̇ב̇א בלא מ̇׳ bring much, very much, without measure. Peah VIII, 6 מ׳ זו this proportion. Gen. R. s. 64; Esth. R. introd. (ref. to מנדה, Ezra 4:13) זו מִדַּת הארץ that is the from the land as measured, i. e. the (Roman) land-tax. B. Bath.VII, 3 מ׳ בחבלוכ׳ I sell thee exact land-measure by the rope. Ib. 128a מִדַּת ארכו the length-measure of the cloak. Ib. מדת משקלותיו the measure of its (the gold-bars) weights, i. e. an estimate as to how many coins of a certain weight can be obtained from it. Ḥag.12a מדת יום ומ׳ לילה the combined length of day and night. Yeb.76b (ref. to 1 Sam. 17:38) מַדָּיו כמִדָּתוֹ his (Sauls) garments such as fitted his stature. Mikv. X, 5; Ḥull.73a עד מקום (ח)מ׳ as far as the designed length of the handle (excluding the portion which it is intended to cut off).Kidd.42b; B. Mets.56b, a. e. דבר שבמ׳ ושבמשקלוכ׳ objects which are sold by measure, by weight or by the piece. B. Bath.89b לעולם … מ׳ חסירהוכ׳ one must never keep in ones house too small or too large a measure (smaller or larger than the legal size); a. fr.Pl. מִדּוֹת, מִידּוֹת. Ib. 88b עונשן של מ׳ the divine punishment for fraudulent measures. Tosef.B. Mets. VI, 14 לא היו ממונין … אלא על המ׳ they (the agoranomoi in Jerusalem) were appointed not for the regulation of market prices but for the superintendence of the measures; B. Bath.89a, v. אֲנַרְדְּמִיס; a. fr.Men.18a למצות מִידּוֹתַי, v. מָצָח.Whence: Middoth (measurements of the Temple), name of a treatise of the Mishnah, of the order of Kodashim. 2) dealing; reward or punishment; dispensation.מ׳ כננד מ׳ retaliation, adequate punishment or reward. Sot.I, 7, v. preced. Ib. 9a לבמ׳ the verse is to intimate the God dispenses adequate punishments. Ib. 8b (ref. to ib. I, 7) אע״ג דמ׳ בטילח במ׳ לא בתיל although retribution (by the Jewish court) has ceased, the adequate divine punishment has not ceased. Lam. R. introd. (R. Alex. 2) (expl. יען וביען, Lev. 26:43) מ׳ בננד מ׳ punishment corresponding to deed. Ned.32a. Snh.90a כל מִידּוֹתָיו של חקב״ה מ׳ כנגד מ׳ all retributions of the Lord are in correspondence with mans doings. Ber.48b ‘whatever the Lord thy God has given thee דיינך בכל … בין מ׳ טובח ובין מִדַּת פורענות (not מדה) he is thy judge in whatever sentence he decrees upon thee, whether it be a good or an evil dispensation. Ib. IX, 5, v. מְאֹד. Sabb.97a. Ib. 151b לעולם … על מ׳ זו at all times let one pray to be spared this fate (poverty); a. fr.Pl. as ab. Snh.90a, v. supra. Yoma 87b המעביר על מִדּוֹתָיווכ׳ he who passes over his retaliations (who forbears to retaliate), his failings will be passed over (be forgiven); Meg.28a. Ib. לא עמדתי על מִידּוֹתַי I never insisted on retaliation; Kidd.71a ואינו מעמד על מדותיו (Rashi: מיעמיד); a. fr. 3) manner, ways, character, nature, condition. Ber.40a לא כמדת חקב״חוכ׳ the nature of divine (intellectual) affairs is not like the nature of human (material) affairs. Ib. 11b להזכיר מדת יוםוכ׳ to mention the nature of the day (light) at night. Tanḥ. Balak 3 מה מִדָּתוֹ what is the nature of his power. B. Mets.33a מ׳ ואינה מ׳ it is a (meritorious) way (of studying) and is not, i. e. you might to better; Y.Hor.III, 48c top מ׳ שאינה מ׳; a. fr.Pl. as ab. Ab. V, 10 ארבע מ׳ באדם there are four different dispositions of men (as to treating ones fellowman); ib. 11 ארבע מ׳ בדעות four characters (temperaments); ib. 12 ארבע מ׳ בתלמידים four natures of students (with regard to receptive and retentive faculties). Y.Snh.XI, 30a bot. כל שבע מ׳וכ׳ all the seven characteristic features of righteous men which the scholars have defined have been realized in Rabbi. Ned.20b בני תשע מ׳ children conceived under nine (abnormal mental) conditions. R. Hash. 17b, a. fr. שלש עשרה מ׳ the thirteen divine attributes (Ex. 34:6, sq.). Ned.32a, v. פָּרַז; a. fr. מדת הדין a) justice. Tosef.Yeb.IX, 3. a. e., v. לָקָה.Esp. the divine attribute of justice, opp. מ׳ הרחמים, v. דּין II.b) common sense, logical argument. Yoma 43b כך (היא) מ׳ הדין נותנת common sense dictates this; Shebu.14a. Y.Maas. Sh. II, 53c top תחומין עשו (כמ׳) למ׳ הדין they regulated the laws of Sabbath limits according to common sense (not by textual interpretation).c) decision in money matters, civil law (contrad. to ritual law). Y.Gitt.V, 46c bot. אף למ׳ הדין הכן the same principle holds good for civil law (collection of claims, v. כַּפְּרָנוּת); Y.Shebi.X, 39c bot. Ib. (last line) ולמידין מ׳ הדיןוכ׳ do we apply the rules of Prosbol (v. פְּרוֹזְבּוּל) to ordinary claims? Y.B. Kam.V, beg.4d לא הילכו במ׳ הדין אחר הרוב (strike out בממון) in civil law we are not guided by probabilities (v. דוֹב; cmp. Bab. ib. 27b). Y.Ber.II, 5a bot. ולמ׳ הד׳ but civil law (questions of possession). 4) principle, standard, consistency. Men.III, 4 במדתר׳וכ׳ following the principle of R. ; Pes.77b; Y. ib. VII, 34c top. Shek. IV, 6 אינח היא תמ׳ (comment. אינה מן המ׳) this is not consistent (with a previous rule). Ib. 7 השוה את מִדָּתוֹ (Y. ed. מִדּוֹתָיו) he makes his standards even (is consistent). Pes.I, 7 אינת חיא המ׳ this is not the right argument. Ib. 15b אמאי אינה היא המ׳ מ׳ ומ׳ היא why do you say, it is no argument? it is surely a correct argument. Y. Ḥag.III, 77d ‘Menahem went out means ממ׳ למ׳ יצא he went over from one principle to another (joined the opposition; Bab. ib. 16b יצא לתרבות רעה).Esp. מִדּוֹת rules of interpretation. Sifra introd., ch. 1, end הלל … שבע מ׳וכ׳ Hillel the Elder explained seven rules ; Ab. dR. N. ch. 37; Tosef.Snh.VII, 11. Sifra introd., beg. (R. Yishm. said) בשלש עשרה מ׳וכ׳ the Torah is interpreted by means of thirteen rules. (Appendix to treat. Brakhoth. ל״ב מ׳ שלר׳ יוסיוכ׳ the thirty two rules of R. José the Galilean.Lev. R. s. 3, beg. הלכות ומ׳ decisions and interpretations (by which the decisions were reached), v. מְכִילְתָּא.Gitt.67a מִידּוֹתַי תרומה מתרומות מִידּוֹתָיווכ׳ my rules of interpretation are the selection from selections of rules by R. Akiba.Ber.33b שעושח מדותיו של הקב״ח רחמיםוכ׳ he makes compassion the standard (or reason) of the divine laws, while they are decrees (the reasons for which it behooves not man to discuss); Y. ib. V, 9c כקורא תיגר על מ׳וכ׳ because it sounds as if he were finding fault with the ways of the Lord (as if the Lord were partial); כנותן קיצבח למ׳וכ׳ as though he were setting limits to the attributes of the Lord.

    Jewish literature > מדה

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